In very basic terms, ISO is simply a camera setting that will brighten or darken a photo. As you increase your ISO number, your photos will grow progressively brighter. For that reason, ISO can help you capture images in darker environments, or be more flexible about your aperture and shutter speed settings.
However, raising your ISO has consequences. A photo taken at too high of an ISO will show a lot of grain, also known as noise, and might not be usable. So, brightening a photo via ISO is always a trade-off. You should only raise your ISO when you are unable to brighten the photo via shutter speed or aperture instead (for example, if using a longer shutter speed would cause your subject to be blurry).
Bibliography:
Apalapse (2017) Camera basics - ISO. Available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q8cj9Lj9w-g (accessed: 17 September 2019)
Mansurov.N (2010) What is ISO. Available at https://photographylife.com/what-is-iso-in-photography (Accessed: 17 September 2019)
Images.
Right - found at https://www.digitaltrends.com/photography/what-is-iso/ (accessed 17 September 2019)
Left - found at https://www.picturecorrect.com/tips/what-is-the-iso-camera-setting-and-how-to-use-it/ (accessed 17 september 2019)
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