Camera and Lighting - ISO Night shoot task

high iso 3200, outdoor lights

high iso 3200, outdoor lights

low iso 100, no external lights

high iso 3200, no external light

Camera and Lighting - Shutter speed research

Shutter speed isn’t particularly difficult; it is just the amount of time your camera spends taking a picture. This could be 1/100 of a second, or 1/10 of a second, or three seconds, or five minutes. Some people build custom cameras that take decades to capture a single photo.

Your camera won’t let you take a decades-long photo. Instead, the longest allowable shutter speed tends to be around 30 seconds, although it does depend upon your camera. For example, on the Nikon D850, you can shoot any shutter speed from 1/8000 second to 30 seconds, as well as a time mode for even longer exposures. Other cameras generally allow similar settings.

So, why does shutter speed really matter? There are two main reasons:

First, as you would expect, a long shutter speed (several seconds) lets in a large amount of light. If you take a normal daytime photo with a 30-second shutter speed, you will capture an image that is completely white. The opposite is true, too; a quick shutter speed only lets in a small amount of light. If you take a photo at night with a 1/8000-second shutter speed, the photo will be completely black.

Second, the only other big effect is the motion blur in your images. Not surprisingly, a long shutter speed (such as five seconds) captures anything that moves during the exposure. If a person walks by, they might appear as a featureless streak across the image, since they aren’t in one place long enough for the long exposure to capture them sharply. That’s called motion blur.

By comparison, a quick shutter speed (such as 1/1000 second) does a much better job freezing motion in your photo — even something moving quickly. You can photograph a waterfall at 1/1000 second and see individual droplets frozen in midair. Without a camera, they might have been invisible.

Sometimes, you can use camera or subject blur artistically, and it looks good. For example, if you’re photographing clouds as they pass through a valley, a long shutter speed might be a nice touch:

However, in many cases, you probably will want to eliminate motion blur so that your entire photo is sharp. If that’s your goal, you need to pick a shutter speed that is quick enough to freeze any movement. So, what shutter speed should you use? Is there a good range that tends to provide sharp photos of moving subject?

Not really, because it all depends upon some outside factors – most importantly, the amount of movement in your scene. If your subject is moving very quickly, you’ll need a fast shutter speed. If your subject is standing still, or only moving very slowly, you can get away with a longer shutter speed.
Also, the farther you zoom in (i.e., the longer your “focal length”), the more you’ll magnify motion blur. So, you’ll find that you generally need quicker shutter speeds to freeze motion properly when you’re using something like a telephoto lens.

The best route to learn all of this is just to keep practicing. Over time, you’ll build a good mental picture of the shutter speeds you can use in a particular environment without risking motion blur. Whether that’s 1/250 second, 1/10 second, or 20 seconds, it’ll be second nature. Also, after you’ve taken a picture in the field, review it and see if there is any blur when you zoom in. If so, you’ll need a quicker shutter speed.

Want a quick-and-dirty guideline? Use 1/500 second or faster for sports and wildlife action. Use 1/100 second or faster for telephoto portrait images. Use 1/50 second or faster for wider-angle portrait or travel photos where your subject isn’t moving too much. If your subject is completely still, and you have a tripod, use any shutter speed you want.

These are very general suggestions, but they are a good place to start. However, your goal should be to outgrow these tips and develop your own mental model instead. Shutter speed is one of the most intuitive aspects of exposure, and a bit of practice will be enough to help your photographs improve significantly.

Bibliography : Cox.S (2017) What is exposure ( A Beginners Guide) Available at: https://photographylife.com/what-is-exposure (Accessed 19 September 2019)
Images available at: https://photographylife.com/what-is-exposure (Accessed 19 September 2019)

Camera and Lighting - Exposure research

In photography, exposure is the amount of light which reaches your camera sensor or film. It is a crucial part of how bright or dark your pictures appear.

There are only two camera settings that affect the actual “luminous exposure” of an image:shutter speed and aperture. The third setting, camera ISO, also affects the brightness of your photos, and it is equally important to understand. Also, you can brighten or darken a photo by editing it in post-processing software like Photoshop on your computer.

It sounds basic, but exposure is a topic which confuses even advanced photographers. The reason is simple: For every scene, a wide range of shutter speed, aperture, and ISO settings will result in a photo of the proper brightness. You haven’t “mastered exposure” once you can take a photo that’s the right brightness. Even your camera’s Auto mode will do that most of the time. Instead, getting the proper exposure for a photo is about balancing those three settings so the rest of the photo looks good, from depth of field to sharpness.

In this video exposure is described simply as the amount of light you think your subject needs.

The exposure triangle is a common way of associating the three variables that determine the exposure of a photograph: aperture, shutter speed, and ISO. One must balance all three of these to achieve a desired result, an adjustment of one requiring adjustments of at least one of the others. They do not only affect exposure, but are also the largest determiners of the global appearance of an image; thus, their mastery is absolutely crucial both for technique and composition.

The ISO refers to how sensitive your camera is to light; the higher it is, the brighter your photo looks and the more noise or grain it gets. The aperture is the size of the opening of your lens; the lower the number, the bigger the opening is, and the more light your camera takes in and the shallower the depth of field. The shutter speed refers to how long the camera shutter is open when taking a photo; faster speed means less blur.Each of these components can be adjusted to compensate for the settings of the other. As in the example in the video, you ideally want to keep the ISO at 100 for minimal grain or noise. What you adjust is the aperture and shutter speed to control how much light comes in, minimize blur, and get the right depth of field for what you’re shooting.

Bibliography - 

Cox.S (2017) What is Exposure ( A Beginners Guide). Found at : https://photographylife.com/what-is-exposure (accessed 19 September 2019)
The phoblographer (2019)  Get the Hang of the Exposure Triangle With This Tutorial. Found at: https://www.thephoblographer.com/2019/01/09/exposure-triangle-tutorial/ (accessed 24 september     2019)

Video found at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OrQ0tO7rzpk (Accessed: 19 September 2019)
Video 2 found at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fCAcSbObbE0&feature=youtu.be (accessed:                                24 September 2019)
Image found :https://www.thephoblographer.com/2019/01/09/exposure-triangle-tutorial/ (accessed 23                       september 2019)

Camera and Lighting - Pull focus test footage

outdoor - 1 

outdoor 2

indoor

with these clips we were learning about pulling focus between two objects, making different things the centre of focus, a technique cinematographers use when the want to make a subject in a scene the centre of focus for that moment. in the clips I have two example one in low light conditions and 2 in natural light so I changed the iso settings dependent on the location to make the image clear, I shot at 24fps with the shutter speed at 1/50 and dependent on the location the iso at 100, 400 or 800.

Camera and Lighting - Shutter speed test footage

1/250 - shooting at a higher shutter speed slows the image to be clearer as seen in the background the still image looks clear and the moving image the same but when stopped each frame looks like a still image photograph, so higher shuterrspeed give a crisper image however the human eye is conditioned to 1/50 so seeing the higher rate looks judders and weird to us.

1/50 - is what most films are shot at, the background image is clear again however the frame shot looks a little more blurred, this is what the eye is conditioned to see when watching films due to the majority of films bing shot like this.

1/30

the image is blurry when moving and can't be recognised clearly, however a still background image is clear.

Camera and lighting - ISO test footage

Low Iso 100

With a higher iso we found that the image had a lot more noise than that shot at a lower iso, with this short video to showing the difference between the iso during daytime, its better to shoot with a higher iso outdoors than indoors, the only issue with shooting outdoors with iso is keeping an eye on the light levels or the footage becomes over exposed, too low and its under exposed.

above is an example of an outdoor shoot during the day with iso set low at 100 and below is an example of shooting indoors an a low light situation so a higher iso is needed.

High iso 3200

Camera and Lighting - ISO Research

ISO

In very basic terms, ISO is simply a camera setting that will brighten or darken a photo. As you increase your ISO number, your photos will grow progressively brighter. For that reason, ISO can help you capture images in darker environments, or be more flexible about your aperture and shutter speed settings.

However, raising your ISO has consequences. A photo taken at too high of an ISO will show a lot of grain, also known as noise, and might not be usable. So, brightening a photo via ISO is always a trade-off. You should only raise your ISO when you are unable to brighten the photo via shutter speed or aperture instead (for example, if using a longer shutter speed would cause your subject to be blurry).

Bibliography:
Apalapse (2017) Camera basics - ISO. Available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q8cj9Lj9w-g (accessed: 17 September 2019)
 Mansurov.N (2010) What is ISO. Available at https://photographylife.com/what-is-iso-in-photography (Accessed: 17 September 2019)

Images.
Right - found at https://www.digitaltrends.com/photography/what-is-iso/ (accessed 17 September 2019)
Left -  found at https://www.picturecorrect.com/tips/what-is-the-iso-camera-setting-and-how-to-use-it/ (accessed 17 september 2019)

Camera and Lighting - How and Why lighting affects camera techniques for moving image

Lighting is important in video and film production because cameras do not respond to lights in the same way that the human eye does. The finite detail and lighting contrasts a human eye can see are incredibly developed, and cameras cannot process or pick up on this as well. Additional lighting is necessary to make the definition of a video or film’s definition of a comparable quality to what the human eye sees naturally. The correct lighting can determine the mood of the scene and can evoke a more dramatic or subtle palette for the film. If you are perhaps new to video and film production, the first learning curve is understanding why lighting within production is so key. Regardless of content, any video created, filmed, shared and watched will have had an element of thought and design behind the lighting. The more advanced the video and film production, the more advanced the lighting behind it.

This video essay I found on Film Lighting Tutorials states that there are 2 main types of lighting soft light and Hard light, using either of the two can drastically change the mood of the scene and the shape of a subject. With hard light it gives shadows a definitive or 'hard' edge. And is created by a single source of light

whereas a Soft light is created by a broad light source or by using a diffuser on multiple or single hard light sources and gives a soft shadow effect.

Bibliography:
Marine, J. (2013) Basic lighting lesson: Understanding hard light and soft light. Available at: http://nofilmschool.com/2013/03/basic-lighting-lesson-hard-soft-light (Accessed: 16 September 2019).
In-line Citation:(Marine, 2013)
Video -
Zacuto (2013) Film Lighting Tutorial: Qualities of Light . Available at : https://vimeo.com/57890592 (accessed:16 September 2019)(http://digicult.it/digimag/importance-lighting-video-film-production/)
IMAGES - screens hotted from video above.

Camera and Lighting - Appature research

What is aperture in photography?

Aperture refers to the opening of a lens's diaphragm through which light passes. It is calibrated in f/stops and is generally written as numbers such as 1.4, 2, 2.8, 4, 5.6, 8, 11 and 16. Lower f/stops give more exposure because they represent the larger apertures, while the higher f/stops give less exposure because they represent smaller apertures. This may seem a little contradictory at first but will become clearer as you take pictures at varying f/stops. Be sure to check your manual first to learn how to set Aperture Priority for your camera, then try experimenting to get comfortable with changing the aperture and recognizing the effects different apertures will have on the end-result image.

How Aperture Affects Depth of Field

Depth of field is the zone of acceptable sharpness in front of and behind the subject on which the lens is focused. Simply put: how sharp or blurry is the area behind your subject. 

The lower the f/stop—the larger the opening in the lens—the less depth of field—the blurrier the background.

The higher the f/stop—the smaller the opening in the lens—the greater the depth of field—the sharper the background.

How Aperture Affects Shutter Speed

Using a low f/stop means more light is entering the lens and therefore the shutter doesn't need to stay open as long to make a correct exposure which translates into a faster shutter speed. Again, the reverse is true: using a high f/stop means that less light is entering the lens and therefore the shutter will need to stay open a little longer which translates into a slower shutter speed.

Bibliography -

information found at : https://www.nikonusa.com/en/learn-and-explore/a/tips-and-techniques/understanding-maximum-aperture.html (accessed 19th September 2019)

Images: 

F/stop - https://www.shutterstock.com/search/appature?image_type=illustration&page=2 (accessed 19th September 2019)

Depth of field - https://www.pinterest.co.uk/pin/45669383700899302/ (accessed 19th September 2019)

Shutter speed - https://www.nikonusa.com/en/learn-and-explore/a/tips-and-techniques/understanding-maximum-aperture.html (accessed 19th September 2019)

Editing - Development of editing technology and techniques

Editing has many purposes, including telling a story, creating a mood or creating Atmosphere, all leading to the success of a video/ film.



Introducing New Information:
• A new shot should always present some new information to the viewer. In a motion picture, this may primarily be visual information (a new character / a different location) but it may also be aural (voice over / narration / important sound).
• Editing is one of the most important steps in making a film, it is essential for creating the desired mood, atmosphere and theme wanted by the director. Motivation:
• The new shot you cut to, should provide new information, but so should the shot you are cutting away from - For example, a shot of a man looking in the air in amazement, then the scene cuts to a shot of another man flying.

WHY EDIT?

Shot Composition:
• This is vital in making a scene make sense and keeping a scenes continuity fluent.
• This could be arranging clips in an order that helps the shot keep to the conventions of the genre and of film in general.
• E.g. using the 180 degree rule to help the scene make sense.

Continuity:
• Providing smooth, seamless continuity across transitions is a very important element in an edits.
• Making sure the sequence makes sense throughout, whilst keeping the scene interesting.

EDITING

•All of these conventions can amount to engaging the the viewer, creating motivation, developing drama, and creating pace.
• Overall, combining shot to create sequences gives us the basic term for editing, and doing it correctly can lead to very rewarding results for a film, advert, propaganda, music video etc.

HOW THE FIRST FILMS WERE EDITED

• The earliest films in the in the 1900’s were all done in camera, meaning there was no editing involved, and the entire film was filmed in the order would be seen in theatre, just one reel of film played at once.
• The Great Train Robbery is a 1903 Western film written, produced, and directed by Edwin S. Porter. 12 minutes long, it is considered a milestone in film making.The film used a number of innovative techniques including cross cutting, double exposure composite editing, camera movement and on location shooting.
• Cross-cuts were a new, sophisticated editing technique for the time.Some prints were also hand colored in certain scenes. None of the techniques were original to The Great Train Robbery, and it is now considered that it was heavily influenced by Frank Mottershaw's earlier British film A Daring Daylight Burglary



THE FIRST 3 PEOPLE TO USE EDITING

DAVID GRIFFITH
• Considered the father of narrative cinema, D.W. Griffith practically invented such techniques like parallel editing, pushing them to unprecedented levels of complexity and depth.
• Griffith's work in the teens was highly regarded by Kuleshov and other Soviet filmmakers and greatly influenced their understanding of editing.
• What became known as the popular 'classical Hollywood' style of editing was developed by early European and American directors, in particular D.W. Griffith in his films such as The Birth of a Nation and Intolerance. The classical style ensures temporal and spatial continuity as a way of advancing narrative, using such techniques as the 180 degree rule, Establishing shot, and Shot reverse shot.

LEV KULESHOV

• Lev Kuleshov was among the very first to theorize about the relatively young medium of the cinema in the 1920s. For him, the unique essence of the cinema — that which could be duplicated in no other medium — is editing. He argues that editing a film is like constructing a building. Brick-by-brick (shot-byshot) the building (film) is erected. His often-cited Kuleshov Experiment established that montage can lead the viewer to reach certain conclusions about the action in a film. Montage works because viewers infer meaning based on context.
• He was a Soviet filmmaker and film theorist who taught at and helped establish the world's first film school, the Moscow Film School.
• Although editing innovations, such as crosscutting were used by directors in Hollywood before him, Kuleshov was the first to use it in the Soviet Russia.
• He studied the techniques of Hollywood directors, particularly D.W. Griffith and Mack Sennett and introduced such innovations as crosscutting in editing and montage into Russian cinema.
• Kuleshov remained quiet about this part of his career when he experimented with editing technique. He focused on putting two shots together to achieve a new meaning.

EISENSTEIN

• Sergei Eisenstein was briefly a student of Kuleshov's, but the two parted ways because they had different ideas of montage. Eisenstein regarded montage as a dialectical means of creating meaning. By contrasting unrelated shots he tried to provoke associations in the viewer, which were induced by shocks.

Eisenstein describes five methods of montage in his introductory essay "Word and Image".
1. Metric - where the editing follows a specific number of frames (based purely on the physical nature of time), cutting to the next shot no matter what is happening within the image. This montage is used to elicit the most basal and emotional of reactions in the audience.
2. Rhythmic - includes cutting based on continuity, creating visual continuity from edit to edit.
3. Tonal - a tonal montage uses the emotional meaning of the shots -- not just manipulating the temporal length of the cuts or its rhythmical characteristics -- to elicit a reaction from the audience even more complex than from the metric or rhythmic montage. For example, a sleeping baby would emote calmness and relaxation.
4. Over tonal/Associational - the over tonal montage is the accumulation of metric, rhythmic, and tonal montage to synthesize its effect on the audience for an even more abstract and complicated effect.
5. Intellectual - uses shots which, combined, elicit an intellectual meaning

THE DEVELOPMENT OF DIGITAL EDITING TECHNOLOGIES AND TECHNIQUES

• Starting in the late 1970s to the early 1980s, several video equipments were introduced such as the TBC – Time Base Correctors and digital video effects units. They operated by using standard analog, it composed the video and then within digitalized it. This made it easier to correct or enhance the video signal.

LINEAR VS NON LINEAR

• In the early days of electronic video production, linear (tape-to-tape) editing was the only way to edit video tapes. Then, in the 1990s, non-linear editing computers became available and opened a whole new world of editing power and flexibility.
• Non-linear editing was not welcomed by everyone and many editors resisted the new wave. In addition, early digital video was plagued with performance issues and uncertainty. However, the advantages of non-linear video eventually became so overwhelming that they could not be ignored.

EDITING HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE

A computer system comprises hardware and software.
Hardware is the physical medium, for example:
• Circuit boards
• Processors
• Keyboards
Software are computer programs, for example:
• Operating system
• Editor
• Compilers

TAPELESS EDITING

Tapeless editing is camcorder that is based on digital recording instead of tape. These are stored as computer files onto data storage devices such as hard drives and solid-state flash memory cards. • Most consumer-level tapeless camcorders use MPEG-2, MPEG-4 video compression or its derivatives as video coding formats. They are normally capable of capturing still-images to JPEG formats.


Early Editing

Early filmmakers were afraid to edit film shots together, this was because they assumed that splicing different shots together would confuse their audiences. They quickly discovered that editing shots into a sequence enabled them to tell more complex stories and helped the audience have a better understanding. ‘Primitive’ editing can be seen in movies like Rescued By Rover (1904) and The Great Train Robbery (1903). Cuts were made in camera to begin with, so the cameraman would stop filming at the end of a shot, and begin again when it was moved or at the start of the next scene. This could allow for early special effects, including George Méliès who stopped the camera after detonating a puff of smoke in front of the actor, who was moved and then the camera began recording again, creating the special effect of magically vanishing characters.

Moviola



Moviola is a device that allows a film editor to view a film while editing, and was the first one for motion picture editing. Invented by Iwan Serrurier in 1924, the company is still in existence and located in Hollywood. Originally marketed as a home movie projector, though this was too expensive for home use and was later developed into an editing machine. The machine itself allowed editors to study individual frames in their cutting room, this way they could decide more precisely where the best cut would be. Moviolas were the standard for editing, until the 1970s when Flatbed Edit Suites became more popular. Moviola Machines are still used by very high profile filmmakers, including Michael Kahn, who edited Steven Spielberg’sMunich on the Moviola.

Flatbed Edit Suite



A Flatbed Edit suite is type of editing machine used with motion picture. Images and sound rolls are loaded onto separate plates. Each set of plates moves individually, or they can be locked together to maintain synchronisation between the images and the sound. A prism reflects the images onto a screen, and a magnetic playback head reads the audio tracks. The most common flatbed editors are the six-plate which has one picture transport, two sound transports, and the eight-plate, which has two picture and two sound transports. Most films are shot on a double-system, which is where the sound and picture are recorded on separate machines. The sound is then transferred to a magnetic track (filmstock coated with magnetic oxide). The editor must then synchronize the picture and sound. The rolls are loaded onto the plates and the film and sound is advanced to find when the clapperboard came together. Once both have been located, a mark is made on both of the strips and the flatbed is switched into interlock mode, so both picture and sound rolls move at the same pace to keep them synchronized. When the editor sees a point to cut one shot away to another, he marks is on both strips and makes a cut in both and adds in the next shot. Steenbeck and K-E-M (Keller-Elektro-Mechanik) are the two most common brands of flatbed editors, and both invented in Germany in the 1930s.

Linear and Non-Linear Editing

Linear editing is a post-production process of selecting, arranging and modifying images and sound in a predetermined sequence, (also known as tape-to-tape) it was the only way to edit video tapes to begin with and was used a lot in live TV. In the 1990s, Non-Linear editing (NLE) computers became available and gave a new way of editing. This allowed the original content to not be modified, but the edits themselves are edited by editing software. Each time the audio, video or image is rendered or played back it is copied from the original and editing steps, keeping the original copy safe.

Online and Offline Editing

Offline editing is very similar to Non Linear editing in that it doesn’t modify the original raw footage, it is copied and then edited. The digital revolution has made the process a lot quicker for the editor, as they moved from video tape editing to computer hardware and editing software like Final Cut Pro, Adobe Premiere and Sony Vegas. Online editing is the next step, online editors allow an editor to edit video tape recordings using computer software. The protocol used supports different devices like one inch reel-to-reel type C videotapes and videocassette recorders.

The Digital Era:

CMX 600

CMX 600: The first Non-Linear editing system, it was introduced in 1971 by CMX Systems, a joint company of CBS and Memorex, it was referred to as RAVE, or Random Access Video Editor. The 600 had a console with two black and white monitors, as well as a light pen which was used to control the system. The right monitor played the preview video, and was used by the editor to make cuts and to edit decisions by using the light pen to select options, which were over-laid on the image, while the left screen played the edited video. It recorded and played back video in analogue on disk packs the size of washing machines.

Edit Droid

The Edit Droid is a computerised analogue NLE system which was developed by Lucasfilm spin-off company, the Droid Works and Convergence Corporation who formed a joint company. It existed through the mid 80’s to the early 90’s. Edit Droid debuted at the National Association of Broadcasters 62nd Annual meeting in 1984, alongside the Montage Picture Processor which would be its competitor for many years. Edit Droid has three screens, one Sun-1 computer display, one small preview video monitor and a large rear-projected monitor containing the cut. It pioneered the use of graphical display for editing introducing the timeline as well as picture icons to identify raw video clips.

Avid 1

Avid/1 was based on an Apple Macintosh II computer with special hardware and software designed by Avid installed. By the early 1990s, Avid/1 began replacing machines like the Moviola and Steenbeck flatbed editors, allowing editors to edit easier. The first feature film edited using Avid/1 was Let’s Kill All The Lawyers (1992) directed by Ron Senkowski. By 1994, only three feature films had been edited using Avid/1, by 1995, dozens had made the switch, showing its popularity.

Modern Editing Software

Premier Pro

A timeline based video editing software app, used by BBC and CNN for feature films such as Gone Girl, Captain Abu Raed, and Monsters. Premier Pro’s Plug-ins allows for importing and exporting formats not supported by QuickTime and others, and supports a wide variety of video and audio files.
Final Cut Pro

A series of non-linear video editing software developed by Macromedia Inc. and later by Apple, the most recent version runs on Mac OS computers. The software allows the editor to transfer video onto a hard drive to be edited, processed and rendered to a variety of formats.

Bibliography -
constantinou.S. (2012) History and Development of Editing. Available at https://www.slideshare.net/stefan-constantinou/history-and-development-of-editing-14850912 (accessed: 8 september 2019)

Images sourced from :
Avid/1 - screenshot of video Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ac1J1bLMucw (accessed: 23rd October 2019)
image available at: https://entertainment.howstuffworks.com/avid-editing-machine.htm (accessed: 23rd October 2019
Cmx600 - available at: http://www.vtoldboys.com/editingmuseum/offline.htm (accessed: 23rd October 2019)
David griffith - available at:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D._W._Griffith (accessed: 23rd October 2019)
Edit droid - available at: http://belowthelinefilm.blogspot.com/2014/07/confessions-of-editor.html (accessed:23rd October 2019)
Eisenstein - available athttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Eisenstein (accessed 23rd October 2019)
Flatbed edit suite - available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steenbeck (accessed 23rd October 2019)
Lev Kuleshov - available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Kuleshov (accessed 23rd October 2019)
Premiere pro - Available at : https://larryjordan.com/store/229-adobe-premiere-pro-cc-the-lumetri-color-panel/ (accessed: 23rd October 2019)
Tapeless editing Camera - Available at:https://multimediaevangelist.wordpress.com/2008/09/22/new-sony-hvrz5u-tapeless-hd-video-camera/ (accessed: 23rd October 2019)
The great train robbery - https://www.amazon.co.uk/Great-Train-Robbery-Poster-Movie/dp/B003SMABOC (accessed: 23rd October 2019)

Camera and Lighting - Lighting Equipment and setups- Scenarios

For a nighttime shoot the best way to achieve the best possible image isn't through using lighting equipment but can be effectively done through these things.

• use a lens with a lower f stop.
• adjusting the ISO - Smaller sensor DLSR's 1600 ISO, Larger sensor DLSR's up to 3200 ISO
• and at a push adjusting the shutter speed, but this should be a last resort

Going back to equipment if its a time lapse shot tor similar shot where the camera needs to be steady the obvious equipment to use would be a tripod lighting wise ...

• Natural lighting (cities) and ring lights.

I would choose this equipment for a night time shoot as the ring lights will help keep what's in front of the camera stay well light in dark areas whilst also keeping the "night time feel". I would also use natural lighting from the cities as unless you're walking around into unlit areas at night the exposure levels and lighting would stay fairly consistent throughout the shoot.

For a small documentary where portability is paramount

• a DSLR viewfinder
• a digital audio recorder
• shotgun microphone
• shoulder mount or gimble
• Sun light,
• ring light attached to the camera,
• small box lights

All of this equipment is small and light making it easy to carry around as you move. The ring light attached to the camera will help keep areas in front of the camera well lit and the small box lights will help light up more shaded areas the the sun can't reach. The only issue with the sun on a bright day is as you move from shade into sun light it can make keeping the light exposure levels consistent and can cause people on screen to squint. to help resolve this, you could either keep to shaded areas, have the people on camera face side on from the sun so they don't squint or plan ahead and shoot on a cloudy day or when the sun is at a high point in the sky which would keep the lighting consistent and away from eyes.

For a talking head interview

• Full studio soft box lighting kit
• tripod or stand
• shotgun microphone depending on how close camera is

This lighting is what is used in the majority of head style interviews as the subject usually stays in the same spot. This will mean you wouldn't have to move heavy equipment around and the lighting and exposure levels would stay consistent throughout the shoot.

Bibliography -
Images -
RINGLIGHT - available at: https://www.gearbest.com/photography-
accessories/pp_009457448275.html (accessed 23rd October 2019)
SHOTGUN MIC - available at: https://www.sweetwater.com/store/detail/VideoMic--rode-videomic-camera-mount-shotgun-microphone-with-rycote-lyre-shock-mounting (accessed 23rd October 2019)

Contextual Studies - EASY RIDER analysis

In this particular moment of the film Wyatt and Billy are sitting in a graveyard with two girls, drinking, smoking and taking acid, a drug common in the 60's, from what is seen in these two minutes they are having a bad trip. further reading of the film as a whole shows that after this bad trip in the graveyard the two lads go on a journey of spiritual truth, the start of which can be seen and directly related to the underlying religious setting of a graveyard but also the use of a non-diegetic but then digetic voice over from a girl reading either from a bible or one of the lords prayers. at the start of the clip we get a mid shot low down looking at the four sat in front of a tombstone on of the lads is dressed as a native american, again pointing the the spiritual trip they will take later in the film. the lack of dialogue between the group doesn't help to show anything that is going on other than the words ''just shut up and take it'' the only speech here that conveys anything is the voice over that comes in a minute into the clip, throughout the scene there is a loud non-diegetic sound that seems like drums banging or something loud and ominous probably foreshadowing the nature of the trip they are about top take from the actual drugs themselves, ironically before they take a trip across america to find spiritual truth. the shot then jumps between a shot of them and a pan upwards of the tomb as well as a lens flare across the screen possibly showing this idea of spirituality as god is the light, this is also seen with the a shot of the sun then going to a white out to the jump back to their bad trip.

Even with the lack of dialogue you can tell what is happening in this moment and is conveyed through shots weather it gives a preferred reading is debatable, I would say that personally I took a negotiated reading to the text as without actively watching it i struggled to understand the ongoing of the clip.

''Cinema in the 1960s reflected the decade of fun, fashion, rock 'n' roll, tremendous social changes (i.e., the civil rights era and marches) and transitional cultural values.''

This can be seen with the drugs mainly as acid was a very popular drug in the 60's/70's however the camerawork is also reflective of the era as the cameras then were still on the bulky side and were not as handheld as cameras today, also reflection the changing times of the era.

Bibliography
Clip available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SDAdzb9IeGU (Accessed 6th September 2019)

Research Methods - Master Bibliography

UNIT 11 - Film Studies

FILM STUDDIES ESSAY -

• Boden, A., & Fleck, R. (Directors). (2019). Captain Marvel [Motion Picture].
• Boden, A., & Fleck, R. (Directors). (2019). Captain Marvel [Motion Picture].
• Favreau, J. (Director). (2008). Iron Man [Motion Picture].
• Favreau, J. (Director). (2010). Iron Man 2 [Motion Picture].
• Gunn, J. (Director). (2014). Gaurdians of the Galaxy [Motion Picture].
• Loreck, J. (2016, January 5). Explainer: what does the ‘male gaze’ mean, and what about a female gaze?Retrieved from The Conversation : https://theconversation.com/explainer-what-does-the-male-gaze-mean-and-what-about-a-female-gaze-52486
• Maltby, r. (n.d.).
• Maltby, R., & Craven, I. (1995). Hollywood Cinema: an Introduction. Wiley-Blackwell.
• Maltby, R., & Craven, I. (1995). Hollywood Cinema: An Introduction. Wiley-Blackwell.
• Maltby, R., & Craven, I. (1995). Hollywood Cinema: An Introduction. Wiley-Blackwell.
• Marvel Studios movie viewership in the U.S. 2018, by gender. (2018). Retrieved from Statista: https://www.statista.com/statistics/807365/marvel-movie-viewership-gender/
• Mulvey, L. (1975). VISUAL PLEASURE AND NARRATIVE CINEMA.
• Mulvey, L. (1975). Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema .
• Nolan, C. (Director). (2012). The Dark Knight Rises [Motion Picture].
• Strong, M. (2018, April 11). The Male Gaze in 2018. Retrieved from MovieJawn: https://www.moviejawn.com/?category=melissa+strong
• Watts, J. (Director). (2019). Spiderman: Far From Home [Motion Picture].

FREUDIAN PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY OF PERSONALITY

Bibliography:

Freudian Psychoanalytic Theory of Personality- available at: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-psychology/chapter/psychodynamic-perspectives-on-personality/ (accessed 21st November 2019)

MULVEY RESAEARCH -

• FILM THEORY 101: Laura Mulvey, Available at: https://www.filminquiry.com/film-theory-basics-laura-mulvey-male-gaze-theory/ (accessed 06/01/2020)

UNIT 1 - Contextual Studies & UNIT 30 - Camera and Lighting

AMERICAN NEW WAVE RESEARCH

Bibliography :

• Hitchman.S (2013) New Hollywood: American new wave cinema. Available at : http://www.newwavefilm.com/international/new-hollywood.shtml (accessed 1 October 2019)
• Saporito.J (2016) Filmmaker's Handbook: What is the New Hollywood movement. Available at: http://screenprism.com/insights/article/the-filmmakers-handbook-what-is-the-new-hollywood-movement (accessed 1 October 2019)
• Images available at: http://screenprism.com/insights/article/the-filmmakers-handbook-what-is-the-new-hollywood-movement (accessed 1 October 2019)

AMERICAN NEW WAVE ESSAY -

• Berliner, T. (2010). Hollywood Incoherent: Narration in Seventies Cinema. Austin: university of texas press.
• Coppola, F. F. (Director). (1972). The Godfather [Motion Picture].
• Hitchman, S. (2013). A History of American New Wave. Retrieved from New Wave Film: http://www.newwavefilm.com/international/american-new-wave-1.shtml
• Hopper, D. (Director). (1969). Easy Rider [Motion Picture].
• Kolker, R. (2000). A Cinema of Loneliness. New York: Oxford University Press.
• Mulvey, L. (1999). “Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema,” Film Theory and Criticism: Introductory Readings. New York: Oxford University Press.
• Penn, A. (Director). (1967). Bonnie and Clyde [Motion Picture].
• Pfeiffer, L. (2018, March 15). Bonnie and Clyde. Retrieved from ENCYCLOPÆDIA BRITANNICA: https://www.britannica.com/topic/Bonnie-and-Clyde-film-by-Penn
• Saporito, J. (2016, july 14). Q: The Filmmaker’s Handbook: What was the New Hollywood movement? Retrieved from The Take: http://screenprism.com/insights/article/the-filmmakers-handbook-what-is-the-new-hollywood-movement
• Seitz, M. Z. (2010, November 24). Easy Rider: Wild at Heart. Retrieved from The Criterion Colection : https://www.criterion.com/current/posts/1667-easy-rider-wild-at-heart

BONNIE AND CLYDE -

Bibliography:

• Narelle (2017), Bonnie and Clyde – The French New Wave in Hollywood.
• Available at : https://oss.adm.ntu.edu.sg/narelle001/bonnie-and-clyde-the-french-new-wave-in-hollywood/ (accessed 13th November 2019)

Images in order

• 1 - found at: http://crimefeed.com/2017/01/serial-killer-cinema-10-movies-based-bonnie-clyde/ (accessed: 13th November 2019)
• 2 - found at: https://journeysindarknessandlight.wordpress.com/2015/06/28/growing-up-with-movies-introduction-and-episode-1-bonnie-and-clyde-1967/ (Accessed 13th November 2019)
• 3 - found at: https://www.express.co.uk/pictures/pics/4230/Faye-Dunaway-60s-American-actress-pictures/Faye-Dunaway-and-Warren-Beatty-star-together-in-the-1967-film-Bonnie-and-Clyde-95600 (accessed 13th November 2019)
• 4 - found at: http://thefilmexperience.net/blog/2017/8/16/bonnie-clydes-50th-anniversary.html (accessed 13th November 2019)

APPATURE REASEARCH -

• information found at : https://www.nikonusa.com/en/learn-and-explore/a/tips-and-techniques/understanding-maximum-aperture.html (accessed 19th September 2019)

Images:

• F/stop - https://www.shutterstock.com/search/appature?image_type=illustration&page=2 (accessed 19th September 2019)
• Depth of field - https://www.pinterest.co.uk/pin/45669383700899302/ (accessed 19th September 2019)
• Shutter speed - https://www.nikonusa.com/en/learn-and-explore/a/tips-and-techniques/understanding-maximum-aperture.html (accessed 19th September 2019)

EASY RIDER -
Clip available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SDAdzb9IeGU (Accessed 6th September 2019)

EDITING

• constantinou.S. (2012) History and Development of Editing. Available at https://www.slideshare.net/stefan-constantinou/history-and-development-of-editing-14850912 (accessed: 8 september 2019)

Images sourced from :

• Avid/1 - screenshot of video Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ac1J1bLMucw (accessed: 23rd October 2019)
• image available at: https://entertainment.howstuffworks.com/avid-editing-machine.htm (accessed: 23rd October 2019
• Cmx600 - available at: http://www.vtoldboys.com/editingmuseum/offline.htm (accessed: 23rd October 2019)
• David griffith - available at:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D._W._Griffith (accessed: 23rd October 2019)
• Edit droid - available at: http://belowthelinefilm.blogspot.com/2014/07/confessions-of-editor.html (accessed:23rd October 2019)
• Eisenstein - available athttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Eisenstein (accessed 23rd October 2019)
• Flatbed edit suite - available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steenbeck (accessed 23rd October 2019)
• Lev Kuleshov - available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Kuleshov (accessed 23rd October 2019)
• Premiere pro - Available at : https://larryjordan.com/store/229-adobe-premiere-pro-cc-the-lumetri-color-panel/ (accessed: 23rd October 2019)
• Tapeless editing Camera - Available at:https://multimediaevangelist.wordpress.com/2008/09/22/new-sony-hvrz5u-tapeless-hd-video-camera/ (accessed: 23rd October 2019)
• The great train robbery - https://www.amazon.co.uk/Great-Train-Robbery-Poster-Movie/dp/B003SMABOC (accessed: 23rd October 2019)

EXPOSURE REASEARCH -

• Cox.S (2017) What is Exposure ( A Beginners Guide). Found at : https://photographylife.com/what-is-exposure (accessed 19 September 2019)
• The phoblographer (2019) Get the Hang of the Exposure Triangle With This Tutorial. Found at: https://www.thephoblographer.com/2019/01/09/exposure-triangle-tutorial/ (accessed 24 september 2019)
• Video found at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OrQ0tO7rzpk (Accessed: 19 September 2019)
• Video 2 found at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fCAcSbObbE0&feature=youtu.be (accessed: 24 September 2019)
• Image found :https://www.thephoblographer.com/2019/01/09/exposure-triangle-tutorial/ (accessed 23 september 2019)

FRAME RATE REASEARCH

Brunner D(2019) Frame Rate: A Beginners Guide Available at: https://www.techsmith.com/blog/frame-rate-beginners-guide/ (Accessed 1 October 2019)

Gif available at: https://www.techsmith.com/blog/frame-rate-beginners-guide/ (Accessed 1 October 2019)


GODFATHER, THE - 

HEALTH AND SAFTEY -

Bibliography -

• Moving image education, Health and Safety. Available at: https://movingimageeducation.org/create-films/production/the-production-department/health-and-safety (accessed 31st October 2019)

Images -

• Safety first - available at: https://www.direct365.co.uk/blog/health-and-safety-signs/ (accessed 31st October 2019)
• Time - Available at: https://nationalpost.com/entertainment/books/how-the-world-became-obsessed-with-time-and-efficiency (accessed 31st October 2019)
• Weather - available at: https://www.wired.co.uk/article/long-range-weather-forecast-uk (accessed 31st October 2019)

ISO REASEARCH -

• Apalapse (2017) Camera basics - ISO. Available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q8cj9Lj9w-g (accessed: 17 September 2019)

• Mansurov.N (2010) What is ISO. Available at https://photographylife.com/what-is-iso-in-photography (Accessed: 17 September 2019)

Images.

• Right - found at https://www.digitaltrends.com/photography/what-is-iso/ (accessed 17 September 2019)
• Left - found at https://www.picturecorrect.com/tips/what-is-the-iso-camera-setting-and-how-to-use-it/ (accessed 17 september 2019)

LIGHTING RESEARCH -

• Butterfly Lighting - https://www.slrlounge.com/glossary/butterfly-lighting-definition/ (accessed 7 October 2019) 
• Edge lighting - http://blog.backdropexpress.com/lighting-series-profile-and-split-lighting/ (accessed 7 October 2019)
• Rembrandt lighting - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rembrandt_lighting (accessed 7 October 2019)

Images -

• Butterfly 
• - https://www.dpmag.com/how-to/shooting/classic-portrait-light-2/ (accessed 7 October 2019)
• - https://photo.stackexchange.com/questions/6772/what-is-butterfly-lighting-and-when-do-i-use-it (accessed 7 October 2019)
• Edge lighting 
• - https://clickitupanotch.com/split-lighting-made-easy-with-5-steps/ (accessed 7 October 2019)
• - https://photo.stackexchange.com/questions/6656/what-is-split-portrait-lighting (accessed 7 October 2019)
• Lighting guide 
• - https://www.digitalcameraworld.com/tutorials/cheat-sheet-pro-portrait-lighting-setups (accessed 7 October 2019)
• Rembrandt lighting
• - https://expertphotography.com/rembrandt-lighting-photography/ (accessed 7 October 2019)
• - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rembrandt_lighting#/media/File:Rembrandt_lighting.png (accessed 7 October 2019)

LIGHTING AFFECTING IMAGE-

• Marine, J. (2013) Basic lighting lesson: Understanding hard light and soft light. Available at: http://nofilmschool.com/2013/03/basic-lighting-lesson-hard-soft-light (Accessed: 16 September 2019)
• In-line Citation:(Marine, 2013)

Video -

• Zacuto (2013) Film Lighting Tutorial: Qualities of Light . Available at : https://vimeo.com/57890592 (accessed:16 September 2019)(http://digicult.it/digimag/importance-lighting-video-film-production/)

LIGHTING SETUP -

Images -

• RINGLIGHT - available at: https://www.gearbest.com/photography-accessories/pp_009457448275.html (accessed 23rd October 2019)
• SHOTGUN MIC - available at: https://www.sweetwater.com/store/detail/VideoMic--rode-videomic-camera-mount-shotgun-microphone-with-rycote-lyre-shock-mounting (accessed 23rd October 2019)

SHUTTER SPEED RESEARCH -

• Cox.S (2017) What is exposure ( A Beginners Guide) Available at: https://photographylife.com/what-is-exposure (Accessed 19 September 2019)
• Images available at: https://photographylife.com/what-is-exposure (Accessed 19 September 2019)